Impairment of sterol biosynthesis leads to phosphorus and calcium accumulation in Leishmania acidocalcisomes

References

1. Behamdan K. A., Tallab T. M., Johargi H., Ibrahim K., El Sherbini A. H., Karkashan E., Khare A. K., Nauri M. M. 1997; Terbinafine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a pilot study. Int J Dermatol 36:59–60 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Berger B. J., Fairlamb A. H. 1992; Interactions between immunity and chemotherapy in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. Parasitology 105:S71–S78 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Berman J. D. 1988; Chemotherapy for leishmaniasis: biochemical mechanisms, clinical efficacy and future strategies. Rev Infect Dis 10:560–589 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Bird R. G., Molloy J. O., Ormerod W. E. 1966; Granules and tubules in the cytoplasm of the sleeping sickness trypanosome: an electron microscope study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 60:753–760 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Borges V. M., Vannier-Santos M. A., De Souza W. 1998; Subverted transferrin trafficking in Leishmania-infected macrophages. Parasitol Res 84:811–822 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Carvalho T. U., De Souza W. 1977; Fine structure and X-ray microanalysis of electron-dense granules in Herpetomonas samuelpessoai. J Parasitol 63:1116–1117 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Carvalho T. U., Souto-Padón, T., De Souza W. 1979; Herpetomonas samuelpessoai: electron microscopy and cytochemistry of electron-dense granules.. Exp Parasitol 47:297–304 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Chance M. L. 1995; New developments in the chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89:37–43
   [Google Scholar]
9. Dunn W. A. Jr 1990; Studies on the mechanisms of autophagy: formation of the autophagic vacuole. J Cell Biol 110:1923–1933 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Dunn W. A. Jr 1994; Autophagy and related mechanisms of lysosome-mediated protein degradation. Trends Cell Biol 4:139–143 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Dvorak J. A., Engel J. C., Leapmam R. D., Swyt C. R., Pella P. A. 1988; Trypanosoma cruzi: elemental composition heterogeneity of cloned stocks. Mol Biochem Parasitol 31:14–26
    [Google Scholar]
12. Grab D. J., Wells C. W., Shaw M. K., Webster P., Russo D. C. W. 1992; Endocytosed transferrin in African trypanosomes is delivered to lysosomes and may not be recycled. Eur J Cell Biol 59:398–404
    [Google Scholar]
13. Graham R. C., Karnovsky M. J. 1966; The early stages of absorption of injected horseradish peroxidase in the proximal tubules of mouse kidney: ultrastructure cytochemistry by a new technique. J Histochem Cytochem 14:291–302 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
14. Groll A. H., De Lucca A. J., Walsh T. J. 1998; Emerging targets for the development of novel antifungal therapeutics. Trends Microbiol 6:117–124 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Haller T., Dietl P., Deetjen P. 1996; The lysosomal compartment as intracellular calcium store in MDCK cells: a possible involvement in InsP₃-mediated Ca²⁺ release. Cell Calcium 19:157–165 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Herbert I. V. 1965a; Cytochemistry of in vitro cultured Trypanosoma theileri. . Exp Parasitol 16:348–362 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
17. Herbert I. V. 1965b; Cytoplasmic inclusions and organelles of in vitro cultured Trypanosoma theileri and Trypanosoma melophagium and some speculations on their function. Exp Parasitol 17:24–40 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
18. Heywood P., Weinman D., Lipman M. 1974; Fine structure of Trypanosoma cyclops in noncellular cultures. J Protozool 21:232–238 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
19. Janovy J. Jr, Lee K. W., Brumbaugh J. A. 1974; The differentiation of Herpetomonas megaseliae: ultrastructural observations. J Protozool 21:53–59 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
20. Kempler M. S. 1985; An adenosine triphosphate-dependent calcium uptake pump in human neutrophil lysosomes. J Clin Invest 76:303–310 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
21. Kornberg A. 1995; Inorganic polyphosphate: toward making a forgotten polymer unforgettable. J Bacteriol 177:491–496
    [Google Scholar]
22. Kumble K. D., Kornberg A. 1995; Inorganic polyphosphate in mammalian cells and tissues. J Biol Chem 270:5818–5822 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
23. Lemons R. M., Thoene J. G. 1991; Mediated calcium transport by isolated human fibroblast lysosomes. J Biol Chem 266:14378–14382
    [Google Scholar]
24. Lu H.-G., Zhong L., Chang K.-P., Docampo R. 1997; Intracellular Ca²⁺ pool content and signaling and expression of a calcium pump are linked to virulence in Leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes. J Biol Chem 272:9464–9473 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
25. Lu H.-G., Zhong L., De Souza W., Benchimol M., Moreno S., Docampo R. 1998; Ca²⁺ content and expression of an acidocalcisomal calcium pump are elevated in intracellular forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. . Mol Cell Biol 18:2309–2323
    [Google Scholar]
26. Macadam R. F., Williamson J. 1974a; Drug effects on the fine structure of Trypanosoma rhodesiense: acriflavine, ethidium and antrycide. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 68:291–299
    [Google Scholar]
27. Macadam R. F., Williamson J. 1974b; Drug effects on the fine structure of Trypanosoma rhodesiense: suramin, tryparsamide and mapharside. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 68:301–306
    [Google Scholar]
28. Olliaro P. L., Bryceson A. D. M. 1993; Practical progress and new drugs for changing patterns of leishmaniasis. Parasitol Today 9:323–328 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
29. Pisoni R. L., Lindley E. R. 1992; Incorporation of [³²P]orthophosphate into long chains of inorganic polyphosphate within lysosomes of human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 267:3626–3631
    [Google Scholar]
30. Rand R. P., Kachar B., Reese T. S. 1985; Dynamic morphology of calcium-induced interactions between phosphatidylserine vesicles. Biophys J 47:483–489 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
31. Rangel H., Dagger F., Hernandez A., Liendo A., Urbina J. A. 1996; Naturally azole-resistant Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes are rendered susceptible in the presence of terbinafine: comparative study with azole-susceptible Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:2785–2791
    [Google Scholar]
32. Reimer L. 1991; Energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy. Adv Electron Phys 81:43–126
    [Google Scholar]
33. Robinson J. M., Karnovsky M. J. 1983; Ultrastructural localization of several phosphatases with cerium. J Histochem Cytochem 31:1197–1208 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
34. Roth J. 1983; The colloidal gold marker system for light and electron microscopic cytochemistry. In Techniques in Immunocytochemistry Vol 2 pp. 217–284Edited by Bullock G R, Petrusz P . New York: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
35. Scott D. A., Docampo R. 1998; Two types of H⁺-ATPases are involved in the acidification of internal compartments in Trypanosoma cruzi. . Biochem J 15:583–589
    [Google Scholar]
36. Scott D. A., Docampo R., Dvorak J. A., Shi S., Leapman R. D. 1997; In situ compositional analysis of acidocalcisomes in Trypanosoma cruzi. . J Biol Chem 272:28020–28029 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
37. Scott D. A., De Souza W., Benchimol M., Zhong L., Lu H. G., Moreno S., Docampo R. 1998; Presence of a plant-like proton-pumping pyrophosphatase in acidocalcisomes of Trypanosoma cruzi. . J Biol Chem 273:22151–22158 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
38. Seed J. R., Byram J. III, Gam A. A. 1967; Characterization and localization of acid phosphatase activity of Trypanosoma gambiense. J Parasitol 14:117–125
    [Google Scholar]
39. Slomianny C., Prensier G. 1990; A cytochemical ultrastructural study of the lysosomal system of different species of malaria parasites. J Protozool 37:465–470 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
40. Urbina J. A., Payares G., Molina J.8 other authors 1996; Cure of short- and long-term experimental Chagas’ disease using D0870. Science 273:969–971 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
41. Urbina J. A., Moreno B., Vierkotter S., Oldfield E., Moreno S. N. J., Bailey B. N., Yan W., Scott D. A., Docampo R. 1998; Pyrophosphate is the most abundant high-energy phosphate-compound in trypanosomatid and apicomplexan parasites and a non-metabolizable analog. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93:suppl. II72
    [Google Scholar]
42. Vannier-Santos M. A., Saraiva E. M. B., De Souza W. 1991; Nuclear and cytoplasmic lectin binding sites in promastigotes of Leishmania. . J Histochem Cytochem 39:793–800 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
43. Vannier-Santos M. A., Urbina J. A., Martiny A., Neves A., De Souza W. 1995; Alterations induced by the antifungal compounds ketoconazole and terbinafine in Leishmania. . J Eukaryot Microbiol 42:337–346 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
44. Vercesi A. E., Moreno S. J. N., Docampo R. 1994; Ca²⁺/H⁺ exchange in acidic vacuoles of Trypanosoma brucei. Biochem J 304:227–233
    [Google Scholar]
45. Vickerman K., Preston T. M. 1976; Comparative cell biology of the kinetoplastid flagellates. In Biology of the Kinetoplastida Vol 1 pp. 35–130Edited by Lumsden W H R , Evans D A . London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
46. Vickerman K., Tetley L. 1977; Recent ultrastructural studies on trypanosomes. Ann Soc Belge Med Trop 57:441–455
    [Google Scholar]
47. Watson L. P., Lee C. M. 1975; Ultrastructure of Trypanosoma duttoni. . Z Parasitenkd 46:133–140 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
48. Werbovetz K. A., Jeronimo S. M. B., McDonald T. L., Pearson R. D. 1992; Treatment of leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 5:840–848 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
49. Weinman D. 1971; Malaysian primate trypanosomes: intra-cytoplasmic pigment. Southeast Asian . J Trop Med Public Health 2:87
    [Google Scholar]
50. Williamson J., McLaren D. J. 1981; Localization of phosphatases in Trypanosoma rhodesiense. . J Protozool 28:460–467 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
51. Xiong Z. H., Ridgley E. L., Enis D., Olness F., Ruben L. 1997; Selective transfer of calcium from an acidic compartment to the mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei. . J Biol Chem 272:31022–31028 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]