1887

Abstract

Salivaricin 9 (Sal9) is a 2560 Da lantibiotic having just 46 % amino acid identity with its closest known homologue, the lantibiotic SA-FF22. The Sal9 locus (designated ) in strain 9 was partially sequenced and localized to an approximately 170 kb megaplasmid, which also harbours the locus for the lantibiotic salivaricin A4. The entire locus was fully characterized in the draft genome sequence of strain JIM8780 and shown to consist of eight genes, having the following putative functions: sensor kinase; , response regulator; , Sal9 precursor peptide; , lantibiotic modification enzyme; , ABC transporter involved in the export of Sal9 and concomitant cleavage of its leader peptide; and , encoding lantibiotic self-immunity. Intriguingly, in contrast to strain 9, the locus was chromosomally located in strain JIM8780 – the first lantibiotic locus shown not to be exclusively plasmid-associated in . Sal9-containing extracts specifically induced lantibiotic production in both strain 9 and strain JIM8780, indicating that Sal9 functions as a signal peptide for upregulation of its own biosynthesis. Screening representative strains of three streptococcal species (, and ) for indicated that it was present only in , with 12 of 28 tested positive. Since Sal9 was inhibitory to all tested strains it appears to have potential as an important component of the bacteriocin armoury of probiotics intended to control infections of the human oral cavity.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • University of Otago
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.044719-0
2011-05-01
2024-04-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/157/5/1290.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.044719-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Barton B. M., Harding G. P., Zuccarelli A. J. ( 1995). A general method for detecting and sizing large plasmids. Anal Biochem 226:235–240 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Burton J. P., Chilcott C. N., Moore C. J., Speiser G., Tagg J. R. ( 2006a). A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. J Appl Microbiol 100:754–764 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Burton J. P., Wescombe P. A., Moore C. J., Chilcott C. N., Tagg J. R. ( 2006b). Safety assessment of the oral cavity probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:3050–3053 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Chatterjee C., Paul M., Xie L., van der Donk W. A. ( 2005). Biosynthesis and mode of action of lantibiotics. Chem Rev 105:633–684 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Delorme C., Poyart C., Ehrlich S. D., Renault P. ( 2007). Extent of horizontal gene transfer in evolution of Streptococci of the salivarius group. J Bacteriol 189:1330–1341 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Dempster R. P., Tagg J. R. ( 1982). The production of bacteriocin-like substances by the oral bacterium Streptococcus salivarius. Arch Oral Biol 27:151–157 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Diep D. B., Håvarstein L. S., Nes I. F. ( 1995). A bacteriocin-like peptide induces bacteriocin synthesis in Lactobacillus plantarum C11. Mol Microbiol 18:631–639 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Dierksen K. P., Tagg J. ( 2000). The influence of indigenous bacteriocin-producing Streptococcus salivarius on the acquisition of Streptococcus pyogenes by primary school children in Dunedin. In Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases Entering the New Millenium pp 81–85Edited by Martin D. R., Tagg J. R. Auckland, New Zealand: Securacopy;
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Dufour A., Hindré T., Haras D., Le Pennec J. P. ( 2007). The biology of lantibiotics from the lacticin 481 group is coming of age. FEMS Microbiol Rev 31:134–167 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Fantinato V., Jorge A. O. C., Shimizu M. T. ( 1999). Production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) by Streptococcus salivarius strains isolated from the tongue and throat of children with and without sore throat. Rev Microbiol 30:332–334 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Hubbard M. J., McHugh N. J. ( 1996). Mitochondrial ATP synthase F1-β-subunit is a calcium-binding protein. FEBS Lett 391:323–329 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Hyink O., Balakrishnan M., Tagg J. R. ( 2005). Streptococcus rattus strain BHT produces both a class I two-component lantibiotic and a class II bacteriocin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 252:235–241 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Hyink O., Wescombe P. A., Upton M., Ragland N., Burton J. P., Tagg J. R. ( 2007). Salivaricin A2 and the novel lantibiotic salivaricin B are encoded at adjacent loci on a 190-kilobase transmissible megaplasmid in the oral probiotic strain Streptococcus salivarius K12. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:1107–1113 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Jung G. ( 1991). Lantibiotics – ribosomally synthesized biologically active polypeptides containing sulfide bridges and α,β-didehydroamino acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 30:1051–1068 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Kelstrup J. ( 1981). Extracellular polysaccharides of smooth and rough variants of Streptococcus salivarius. Scand J Dent Res 89:374–383[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Kuipers O. P., Beerthuyzen M. M., de Ruyter P. G., Luesink E. J., de Vos W. M. ( 1995). Autoregulation of nisin biosynthesis in Lactococcus lactis by signal transduction. J Biol Chem 270:27299–27304 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. McLaughlin R. E., Ferretti J. J., Hynes W. L. ( 1999). Nucleotide sequence of the streptococcin A-FF22 lantibiotic regulon: model for production of the lantibiotic SA-FF22 by strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 175:171–177 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Papadelli M., Karsioti A., Anastasiou R., Georgalaki M., Tsakalidou E. ( 2007). Characterization of the gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of macedocin, the lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus macedonicus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 272:75–82 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Patton G. C., van der Donk W. A. ( 2005). New developments in lantibiotic biosynthesis and mode of action. Curr Opin Microbiol 8:543–551 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Ross K. F., Ronson C. W., Tagg J. R. ( 1993). Isolation and characterization of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its structural gene salA from Streptococcus salivarius 20P3. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:2014–2021[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Schnell N., Entian K. D., Schneider U., Götz F., Zähner H., Kellner R., Jung G. ( 1988). Prepeptide sequence of epidermin, a ribosomally synthesized antibiotic with four sulphide-rings. Nature 333:276–278 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Simpson W. J., Ragland N. L., Ronson C. W., Tagg J. R. ( 1995). A lantibiotic gene family widely distributed in Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes. Dev Biol Stand 85:639–643[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Tagg J. R., Bannister L. V. ( 1979). “Fingerprinting” beta-haemolytic streptococci by their production of and sensitivity to bacteriocine-like inhibitors. J Med Microbiol 12:397–411 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Tagg J. R., Vugler L. G. ( 1986). An inhibitor typing scheme for Streptococcus uberis. J Dairy Res 53:451–456 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Tompkins G. R., Tagg J. R. ( 1989). The ecology of bacteriocin-producing strains of Streptococcus salivarius. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2:19–28 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Triglia T., Peterson M. G., Kemp D. J. ( 1988). A procedure for in vitro amplification of DNA segments that lie outside the boundaries of known sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 16:8186 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Twomey D. P., Wheelock A. I., Flynn J., Meaney W. J., Hill C., Ross R. P. ( 2000). Protection against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cows using a bismuth-based teat seal containing the bacteriocin, lacticin 3147. J Dairy Sci 83:1981–1988 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Upton M., Tagg J. R., Wescombe P., Jenkinson H. F. ( 2001). Intra- and interspecies signaling between Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes mediated by SalA and SalA1 lantibiotic peptides. J Bacteriol 183:3931–3938 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Wescombe P. A. 2002; Characterisation of lantibiotics produced by Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes. PhD thesis Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago;
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Wescombe P. A., Tagg J. R. ( 2003). Purification and characterization of streptin, a type A1 lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus pyogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2737–2747 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Wescombe P. A., Burton J. P., Cadieux P. A., Klesse N. A., Hyink O., Heng N. C., Chilcott C. N., Reid G., Tagg J. R. ( 2006a). Megaplasmids encode differing combinations of lantibiotics in Streptococcus salivarius. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 90:269–280 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Wescombe P. A., Upton M., Dierksen K. P., Ragland N. L., Sivabalan S., Wirawan R. E., Inglis M. A., Moore C. J., Walker G. V. et al. ( 2006b). Production of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its variants by oral streptococci and use of a specific induction assay to detect their presence in human saliva. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1459–1466 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Wirawan R. E., Klesse N. A., Jack R. W., Tagg J. R. ( 2006). Molecular and genetic characterization of a novel nisin variant produced by Streptococcus uberis. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1148–1156 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.044719-0
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.044719-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error