- Volume 66, Issue 3, 1971
Volume 66, Issue 3, 1971
- The Society For General Microbiology
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- Biochemistry
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Factors Affecting the Level and Activity of Pyruvate Kinase from Coprinus lagopus sensu Buller
More LessSUMMARY: The specific activity of Coprinus lagopus pyruvate kinase is high under conditions of glycolysis but low under conditions of gluconeogenesis. Only a single form of the enzyme was detectable, the properties of which resemble in a number of respects those of the allosteric forms of pyruvate kinase. These properties include co-operative interactions with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), ATP and fructose 1,6-diphospate. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) almost completely reverses the inhibitory effects of ATP.
The decrease in substrate co-operativity in the presence of FDP, the allosteric activator and the increase in ATP co-operativity in the presence of activator suggests the enzyme can be classed as a ‘K-system’ allosteric protein. The regulatory properties of Coprinus lagopus pyruvate kinase (ATP-pyruvate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) are discussed in relation to differences in allosteric pyruvate kinases from other sources.
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- Development And Structure
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Septal Structure and Mating Behaviour of Common A Diploid Strains of Coprinus lagopus
More LessSUMMARY: Conversion of dolipore septa to simple septa in monokaryotic mycelia of Coprinus lagopus facilitates nuclear migration and is controlled by the B incompatibility gene. In a common A heterokaryon, which has two kinds of haploid nuclei with different alleles of the B gene, both dolipore septa and simple septa were observed. A common A diploid mycelium, derived from this heterokaryon and therefore of identical genotype, had no simple septa. This difference between the heterokaryon and the diploid is attributed to a different distribution of the two B alleles in the cells of the mycelia. When all the cells contain two different B alleles, as occurs in the diploid, the dolipore septa are not broken down. Moreover, in matings with other haploid and diploid strains, nuclei cannot migrate through the mycelium of the diploid. It is suggested that the septa in the diploid are no longer susceptible to enzymic degradation.
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The Chemistry of the Cell Walls of rod Mutants of Bacillus subtilis
More LessSUMMARY: The walls of two rod mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 trp and of the parent grown under the same conditions were identical in qualitative composition, with the possible exception of rod-5 grown on minimal medium without added sodium chloride; these walls did not contain galactosamine. The amounts of α, e-diamino-pimelic acid and glutamic acid in the walls of the mutants were lowered by growth on minimal media supplemented by o·8 m-sodium chloride, whereas in the parent these growth conditions led to increases in the contents of these two amino acids. The mucopeptide of mutant rod-4 was very little cross-linked when growing under conditions that lead to a round form, but this also applied to the mucopeptide of the parent grown under the same conditions. When the mutant grew as a rod, its mucopeptide again had the same degree of cross-linking as that of the parent grown in rich media. The concentration of organic phosphorus in the walls of the mutants, presumed to be present as teichoic acid, was about the same as that in the parent and was unaffected by the growth conditions. Thus the chemistry of the walls of rod mutants did not provide obvious evidence of expression of the genetic lesion.
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Macromolecular Composition and Nuclear Division During Spore Germination in Aspergillus nidulans
More LessSUMMARY: Germ-tube emergence in Aspergillus nidulans exhibits partial synchrony. Germ tubes were first detected at 210 min. after inoculation of spores into a liquid medium. Almost all spores produced germ tubes within 360 min., 49.5 % of them doing so between 240 and 300 min. Increase in dry weight was first detected at 120 min. and various constituents at the following times: RNA (30 min.), Kjeldahl nitrogen (30 min.), protein (150 min.) and DNA (180 min.). Pauses in the increase of DNA, RNA and protein were observed. The DNA content per nucleus during the first replication cycle reached twice that of the resting spore, but at later stages of germination values only 10 % higher were observed. Spores containing 2, 4 and 8 nuclei were first detected at 270, 390 and 480 min. respectively.
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- Ecology
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Non-symbiotic Nitrogen-fixing Organisms from Some New Zealand Tussock-grassland Soils
More LessSUMMARY: The screening of several hundred isolates from tussock-grassland soils for nitrogen-fixing ability resulted in the isolation of Clostridium butyricum and five facultatively anaerobic nitrogen-fixing species. These latter have been identified as Bacillus circulans (tentative identification), B. polymyxa, Enterobacter aerogenes (formerly Aerobacter aerogenes), Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia intermedia.
Estimates of numbers of these species indicate that they will be responsible for only very low rates of nitrogen fixation in the soils tested.
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The Utilization and Translocation by Micro-organisms of Carbon-14 Derived from the Decomposition of Plant Residues in Soil
More LessSUMMARY: The utilization and translocation of 14C by micro-organisms, especially fungi, was shown to occur during the decomposition of labelled plant residues in agar cultures and in soil. Utilization was demonstrated by the evolution of 14CO2 and by autoradiograms that showed 14C within micro-organisms. Translocation was indicated by labelled structures occurring on coverslips at a distance from the substrate, and by the labelling of sclerotia which had accumulated 14C preferentially nearly 1 cm. from the plant residues. Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma sp. and Streptomyces flavovirens, shown to be cellulolytic on cotton cellulose agar, were similarly active in agar and soil cultures containing radioactive plant residues. Labelled structures of Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Humicolagrisea, Xylaria spp. and fungi with non-sporing dark mycelia were detected in non-sterile soil during the later stages of the decomposition of the labelled plant residues when a marked fall in carbon content was occurring. The autoradiographic technique employed here enables organisms that probably act as primary agents in the degradation of plant residues to be distinguished from those that do not.
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- Medical Microbiology
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Thermoactinomyces sacchari sp.nov., a Thermophilic Actinomycete Causing Bagassosis
More LessSUMMARY: A new species of thermophilic monosporic actinomycete, isolated from mouldy sugar cane bagasse, is described as Thermoactinomyces sacchari sp.nov. It is distinguished from T. vulgaris Tsiklinsky by short tufted aerial mycelia that rapidly autolyse and are not always seen, by bearing spores on short sporophores, by its appearance on different culture media and by serological differences. Both species have heat-resistant spores containing dipicolinic acid and with the structure of bacterial endospores. A sufferer from bagassosis who inhaled extracts of T. sacchari developed symptoms characteristic of the disease.
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- Short Communication
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- Taxonomy
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A Co-operative Numerical Analysis of Scotochromogenic Slowly Growing Mycobacteria
SUMMARY: A co-operative numerical taxonomic analysis of slowly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria of Runyon′s group II with no restrictions on numbers of characters contributed by individual participants, or on techniques employed to derive these characters, is reported. Of four scotochromogen clusters defined in this study, three were of named species (Mycobacterium flavescens, M. gordonae and M. scrofulaceum) and one, a small cluster of four strains, may represent a new species. Results from pooled data are compared to results obtained with data from individual participating laboratories. Immunologic data were treated separately and showed good correlation with the numerical analyses.
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Numerical Classification of the Tribe Klebsielleae
More LessSUMMARY: A numerical classification study was carried out on 177 strains of Klebsiella and related groups. Three methods of numerical classification were used: median sorting, single linkage cluster analysis and minimum spanning tree. All three contributed to the final decision on the taxa, but yielded substantially the same results. Of the three, the median sorting, if used alone, would have provided the most information.
The validity of the genus Klebsiella was confirmed but the inclusion of the three recognized species of Enterobacter in one genus was not confirmed. The genus Klebsiella was divided into six taxa, one of which is proposed as K. mobilis synon. Enterobacter aerogenes. E. cloacae occupied a rank similar to that of the genus Klebsiella, while E. liquefaciens was most closely related to the genus Serratia and it is proposed to include it as S. liquefaciens. Enterobacter ‘pigmentés’ was found to be closely related to Chromobacterium typhiflavum.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition and Numerical Taxonomy of Yeasts in the Genus Trichosporon
More LessSUMMARY: Of the 49 strains of Trichosporon yeasts studied, 40 were retained in the genus and assigned to 10 species. The others were transferred to the genera Candida and Endomycopsis. The DNA base composition was determined for a representative of each Trichosporon species. On the basis of guanine and cytosine content (% GC), the species were arranged into four groups: (a) about 55 % GC, Trichosporon aculeatum, T. aquatile, T. cutaneum, T. inkin and T. pullulans; (b) about 64 % GC, T. eriense, T. fermentans and T. infestans; (c) 59 % GC, T. capitatum and (d) 45 % GC, T. penicillatum.
For 25 strains of the genus, 81 characteristics were selected for inclusion in a numerical taxonomic analysis with the aid of a computer. The dendrogram of the similarity values arranged these strains into three major branches arising at the 66 % S level. Branch I includes Trichosporon aculeatum, T. cutaneum, T. infestans, T. inkin and T. pullulans. Branch II is limited to T. aquatile. Branch III includes T. capitatum, T. eriense, T. fermentans and T. penicillatum. Species arising from branch I at differing S levels are T. aculeatum at 68 % S, T. pullulans at 72 % S, T. inkin at 75 % S and T. infestans at 78 % S. The remaining strains in branch I belong to the T. cutaneum group.
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- Books Received
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