Biological activities of lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan–teichoic acid of Bacillus subtilis 168 (Marburg) Himanen, J.-P. and Pyhälä, L. and Ölander, R.-M. and Merimskaya, O. and Kuzina, T. and Lysyuk, O. and Pronin, A. and Sanin, A. and Helander, I. M. and Sarvas, M.,, 139, 2659-2665 (1993), doi = https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-139-11-2659, publicationName = Microbiology Society, issn = 1350-0872, abstract= To evaluate the suitability of Bacillus subtilis as a production host of heterologous proteins for pharmaceutical purposes, we assessed the biological activity of this bacterium and its major cell envelope components, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan-teichoic acid complex (PG-TA) in several eukaryotic effector assays. LTA and PG-TA were found to be non-toxic for mice and guinea-pigs in a short-term toxicity assay. PG-TA was weakly pyrogenic and weakly mitogenic. Both LTA and PG-TA acted as immunologic adjuvants in mice and when injected in mice, also caused an increase in the number of granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming cells in the bone marrow probably via stimulation of production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor., language=, type=