@article{mbs:/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.000319, author = "Velásquez, Juan C. and Hidalgo, Alejandro A. and Villagra, Nicolás and Santiviago, Carlos A. and Mora, Guido C. and Fuentes, Juan A.", title = "SPI-9 of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is constituted by an operon positively regulated by RpoS and contributes to adherence to epithelial cells in culture", journal= "Microbiology", year = "2016", volume = "162", number = "8", pages = "1367-1378", doi = "https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000319", url = "https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.000319", publisher = "Microbiology Society", issn = "1465-2080", type = "Journal Article", keywords = "adherence", keywords = "SPI-9", keywords = "SalmonellaTyphi", keywords = "adhesin", keywords = "type one secretion system", abstract = "The genomic island 9 (SPI-9) from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) carries three ORFs (STY2876, STY2877, STY2878) presenting 98 % identity with a type 1 secretory apparatus (T1SS), and a single ORF (STY2875) similar to a large RTX-like protein exhibiting repeated Ig domains. BapA, the Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis orthologous to S. Typhi STY2875, has been associated with biofilm formation, and is described as a virulence factor in mice. Preliminary in silico analyses revealed that S. Typhi STY2875 ORF has a 600 bp deletion compared with S. Enteritidis bapA, suggesting that S. Typhi STY2875 might be non-functional. At present, SPI-9 has not been studied in S. Typhi. We found that the genes constituting SPI-9 are arranged in an operon whose promoter was up-regulated in high osmolarity and low pH in a RpoS-dependent manner. All the proteins encoded by S. Typhi SPI-9 were located at the membrane fraction, consistent with their putative role as T1SS. Furthermore, SPI-9 contributed to adherence of S. Typhi to epithelial cells when bacteria were grown under high osmolarity or low pH. Under the test conditions, S. Typhi SPI-9 did not participate in biofilm formation. SPI-9 is functional in S. Typhi and encodes an adhesin induced under conditions normally found in the intestine, such as high osmolarity. Hence, this is an example of a locus that might be designated a pseudogene by computational approaches but not by direct biological assays.", }