1887

Abstract

The use of CYC 1106 killer toxin against was investigated. This strain exerted a broad-specificity killing action against other yeasts and fungi. At pH 4, optimal killer activity was observed at temperatures up to 20 °C. At 25 °C the toxic effect was reduced to 70 %. The killer activity was higher in acidic medium. Above about pH 4·5 activity decreased sharply and was barely noticeable at pH 6. The killer toxin protein from CYC 1106 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. SDS-PAGE of the purified killer protein indicated an apparent molecular mass of 18 kDa. Killer toxin production was stimulated in the presence of non-ionic detergents. The toxin concentrations present in the supernatant during optimal production conditions exerted a fungicidal effect on a strain of . The symptoms of infection and grey mould observed in plants treated with were prevented in the presence of purified killer toxin. The results obtained suggest that CYC 1106 killer toxin is of potential use in the biocontrol of .

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.27071-0
2004-08-01
2024-04-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/150/8/mic1502527.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.27071-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Barka E. A., Belarbi A., Hachet C., Nowak J., Audran J. C. 2000; Enhancement of in vitro growth and resistance to gray mould of Vitis vinifera co-cultured with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 186:91–95 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Beever R. E., Larcy E. P., Pak H. A. 1989; Strains of Botrytis cinerea resistant to dicarboxymide and benzimidazole fungicides in New Zealand vineyards. Plant Pathol 38:427–437 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bevan E. A., Herring A. J., Mitchell D. J. 1973; Preliminary characterization of two species of dsRNA in yeast and their relationship to the “killer” character. Nature 245:81–86
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Breinig F., Tipper J. D., Schmitt J. M. 2002; Kre1p, the plasma membrane receptor for the yeast K1 viral toxin. Cell 108:395–405 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Carroll K., Wickner R. B. 1995; Translation and M1 double-stranded RNA propagation:MAK18=RPL41B and cycloheximide curing. J Bacteriol 177:2887–2891
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Chen W. B., Han Y. F., Jong S. C., Chang S. C. 2000; Isolation, purification, and characterization of a killer protein from Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:5348–5352 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Ciani M., Fatichenti F. 2001; Killer toxin of Kluyveromyces phaffii DBVPG 6076 as a biopreservatives agent to control apiculate wine yeasts. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:3058–3063 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Droby S., Hofstein R., Wilson C., Wisniewski M., Fridlender B., Cohen L., Weiss B., Daus A., Chalutz E. 1996; Pilot test of Pichia guillermondi: a biocontrol agent of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. Biol Control 3:47–52
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Fink G. R., Styles C. A. 1972; Curing of a killer factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 69:2846–2849 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Fleet G. H., Manners D. J. 1976; Isolation and composition of an alkali-soluble glucan from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Microbiol 94:180–192 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Gunge N., Fukuda K., Morikawa S., Murakami K., Takeda M., Miwa A. 1993; Osmophilic linear plasmids from the salt-tolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. Curr Genet 23:443–449 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Heard G. M., Fleet G. H. 1987; Occurrence and growth of killer yeasts during wine fermentations. Appl Environ Microbiol 51:539–545
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Hutchins K., Bussey H. 1983; Cell wall receptor for yeast killer toxin: involvement of (1→6)-β-d-glucan. J Bacteriol 154:161–169
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Javadekar V. S., SivaRaman H., Gokhale D. V. 1995; Industrial yeast strain improvement: construction of highly flocculent yeast with a killer character by protoplast fusion. J Ind Microbiol 15:94–102 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Kurtzman C. P., Fell J. W. 1998 The Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study Amsterdam: Elsevier;
  16. Kurtzman C. P., Robnett C. J. 1998; Identification and phylogeny of ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 73:331–371 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Laemmli U. K. 1970; Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Llorente P., Marquina D., Santos A., Peinado J. M., Spencer-Martins I. 1997; Effect of salt on the killer phenotype of yeasts from olive brines. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:1165–1167
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Makower M., Bevan E. A. 1963; The inheritance of the killer character in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Proc 11th Int Congr Genet 1:202–203
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Marquina D., Peres C., Caldas F. V., Marques J. F., Peinado J. M., Spencer-Martins I. 1992; Characterization of the yeast populations in olive brines. Lett Appl Microbiol 14:279–283 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Marquina D., Toufani S., Llorente P., Santos A., Peinado J. M. 1997; Killer activity in yeast isolates from olive brines. Adv Food Sci 19:41–46
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Marquina D., Barroso J., Santos A., Peinado J. M. 2001a; Production and characteristics of Debaryomyces hansenii killer toxin. Microbiol Res 156:387–389 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Marquina D., Llorente P., Santos A., Peinado J. M. 2001b; Characterization of yeast population in low water activity foods. Adv Food Sci 23:63–67
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Martini A., Ciani M., Scorzetti G. 1996; Direct enumeration and isolation of wine yeasts from grape surfaces. Am J Enol Vitic 47:435–440
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Masih E. I., Paul B. 2002; Secretion of β-1,3-glucanases by the yeast Pichia membranifaciens and its possible role in the biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea causing grey mould disease of the grapevine. Curr Microbiol 44:391–395 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Masih E. I., Alie I., Paul B. 2000; Can the grey mould disease of the grape-vine be controlled by yeasts?. FEMS Microbiol Lett 189:233–237 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Middelbeek E. J., Hermans J. M. H., Stumm C. 1979; Production, purification and properties of a Pichia kluyveri killer toxin. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 45:437–450 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Niwa O., Sakaguchi K., Gunge N. 1981; Curing of the killer deoxyribonucleic acid plasmids of Kluyveromyces lactis. J Bacteriol 148:988–990
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Noronha-da-Costa P., Rodrigues C., Spencer-Martins I., Loureiro V. 1995; Fatty acid patterns of film-forming yeasts and new evidence for the heterogeneity of Pichia membranaefaciens. Lett Appl Microbiol 23:79–84
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Ohta Y., Tsukada Y., Sugimori T. 1984; Production, purification and characterization of HYI, an antiyeast substance, produced by Hansenula saturnus. Agric Biol Chem 48:903–908 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Ouchi K., Kawase N., Nakano S., Akiyama H. 1978; Stabilization of yeast killer factor by glycerol. Agric Biol Chem 42:1–5 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Palfree G. E., Bussey H. 1979; Yeast killer toxin: purification and characterization of the protein toxin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Biochem 93:487–493 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Pfeiffer P., Radler F. 1984; Comparison of the killer toxin of several yeasts and the purification of a toxin type K2. Arch Microbiol 137:357–361 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Provost F., Polonelli L., Conti S., Fiscaro P., Gerloni M., Boiron P. 1995; Use of yeast killer system to identify species of the Nocardia asteroides complex. J Clin Microbiol 33:8–10
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Radler F., Schmitt M. J., Meyer B. 1990; Killer toxin of Hanseniaspora uvarum. Arch Microbiol 154:175–178 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Radler F., Herzberger S., Schwarz P., Schönig I. 1993; Investigation of a killer strain of Zygosaccharomyces bailii. J Gen Microbiol 139:495–500 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Raposo R., Urrutia T., Melgarejo P., Gómez V. 2000; Fitness of Botrytis cinerea associated with dicarboximide resistance. Phytopathology 90:1246–1249 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Rosini G., Federici F., Martini A. 1982; Yeast flora of grape berries during ripening. Microb Ecol 8:83–89 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Santos A., Marquina D. 2004; Ion channel activity by Pichia membranifaciens killer toxin. Yeast 21:151–162 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Santos A., Marquina D., Leal J. A., Peinado J. M. 2000; (1→6)-β-d-glucan as cell wall receptor for Pichia membranifaciens killer toxin. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:1809–1813 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Santos A., Marquina D., Barroso J., Peinado J. M. 2002; (1→6)-β-d-glucan as the cell wall binding site for Debaryomyces hansenii killer toxin. Lett Appl Microbiol 34:95–99 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Schmitt M., Radler F. 1988; Molecular structure of the cell wall receptor for killer toxin KT28 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 170:2192–2196
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Séguy N., Cailliez J. C., Polonelli L., Dei-Cas E., Camus D. 1996; Inhibitory effect of a Pichia anomala killer toxin on Pneumocystis carinii infectivity to the SCID mouse. Parasitol Res 82:114–116 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Tipper D. J., Bostian K. A. 1984; Double-stranded ribonucleic acid killer systems in yeasts. Microbiol Rev 48:125–156
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Vondrejs V., Janderová B., Valášek L. 1996; Yeast killer toxin K1 and its exploitation in genetic manipulations. Folia Microbiol 41:379–394 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Walker G. M., McLeod A. H., Hodgson V. J. 1995; Interactions between killer yeasts and pathogenic fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 127:213–222 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Walker R., Ferguson C. M., Booth N. A., Allan E. J. 2002; The symbiosis of Bacillus subtilis L-forms with Chinese cabbage seedlings inhibit conidial germination ofBotrytis cinerea. Lett Appl Microbiol 34:42–45 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Weinstein L. E., Capaldo-Kimball F., Leibowitz M. 1993; Genetics of heat-curability of killer virus of yeast. Yeast 9:411–418 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Wickner R. B. 1974; “Killer character” of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: curing by growth at elevated temperature. J Bacteriol 117:1356–1357
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Wickner R. B. 1986; Double-stranded RNA replication in yeast: the killer system. Annu Rev Biochem 55:373–395 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Wilson C. L., Wisniewski E., El-Ghaouth A., Droby S., Chalutz E. 1996; Commercialization of antagonistic yeasts for the biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. SIM News 46:237–242
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Woods D. R., Bevan E. A. 1968; Studies on the nature of the killer factor produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Microbiol 51:115–126 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Young T. W. 1987; Killer yeasts. In The Yeasts p p– 131 Edited by Rose A. H., Harrison J. S. London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Young T. W., Yagiu M. 1978; A comparison of the killer character in different yeasts and its classification. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 44:59–77 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.27071-0
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.27071-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error