- Volume 116, Issue 1, 1980
Volume 116, Issue 1, 1980
- Sgm Special Lecture
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- Biochemistry
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Interaction of Glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans with Various Glucans
More LessCell-free glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans strain B13 (serotype d) exclusively synthesized water-insoluble glucan from sucrose. The insoluble glucan possessed strong glucan-associated glucosyltransferase activity even after extensive washing and lyophilization. Furthermore, cell-free glucosyltransferase became bound to heat-treated water-insciable glucan or to heat-treated S. mutans B13 cells grown in Todd Hewitt broth, and the resulting glucan and cells adhered to a glass surface in the presence of exogenous sucrose. No other water-insoluble glucans bound significant quantities of glucosyltransferase. Glucan synthesis by free or glucan-bound glucosyltransferase was stimulated by low concentrations (1 to 5 mg ml−1) of isomaltose or water-soluble dextrans of various molecular weights, but higher concentrations (10 mg ml−1) inhibited glucan synthesis. The glucan synthesized in the presence of primer dextrans exhibited a reduced ability to adhere to a glass surface. Certain sugars such as maltose and fructose significantly lowered the yield of insoluble glucans. Preincubation of glucosyltransferase with the low molecular wieght dextran T10 increased subsequent binding to S. mutans B13 insoluble glucan. whereas preincubation with higher molecular weight dextrans significantly inhibited the glucosyltransferase binding.
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Effect of Sodium Chloride on the Activity and Production of Staphylococcal Exonuclease
More LessExtracellular nuclease activity in Staphylococcus aureus was enhanced about fourfold by 1% (w/v) NaCl, KCl, CsCl or LiCl. The pH and concentration of Ca2+ for optimum activity varied with the NaCl concentration; with an increased NaCl concentration, a higher Ca2+ concentration and a lower pH were required. V max, but not K max, varied with the concentration of NaCl. The addition of 3% (w/v) NaCl to growing cultures of S. aureus increased nuclease production fivefold.
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Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase from Rhodomicrobium vannielii
More LessThe effect of carbon growth substrate on the level of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase in crude cell-free extracts of Rhodomicrobium vannielii (RM5) was investigated. The highest specific activity followed growth with sodium hydrogen malate as carbon source. Cells grown autotrophically or on the reduced carbon substrates, butyrate and ethanol, gave extracts of lower activity. RuBP carboxylase was purified from R. vannielii (RM5) grown on a mixture of pyruvate and malate as carbon source. The enzyme was homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels of several acrylamide concentrations and had an apparent molecular weight of 430000 as measured by gel filtration. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested the presence of three subunit types of molecular weights 56200, 53300 and 15700. Mg2+ was required for maximum enzyme activity although this could be completely replaced by Ni2+ and, to a lesser extent, by Mn2+ or Co2+. As with other high molecular weight RuBP carboxylases, the enzyme was sensitive to inhibition by 6-phosphogluconate.
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Metabolism of Phospholipids in Nocardia polychromogenes
More LessThe rates of synthesis and breakdown of phospholipids in growing cultures of Nocardia polychromogenes were investigated by means of a pulse-labelling technique using 32PO4 3−. The results indicated that phospholipids were broken down and phosphatidylinositol mannosides had a high turnover rate. The other two main components, cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine, had a relatively low rate of turnover.
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Effects of Glucose Repression and Anaerobiosis on the Activities and Subcellular Distribution of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Associated Enzymes in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
More LessCell-free extracts were prepared from sphaeroplasts of aerobically and anaerobically grown, glucose-derepressed and glucose-repressed Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The activities of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and of related enzymes were measured, together with their distributions after differential centrifugation. Glucose repression lowered activities of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by 60 to 89 % under aerobic conditions. Activities were still further decreased under anaerobic glucose-derepressed conditions. 2-Oxoglutarate decarboxylase activity was not detected after anaerobic growth; malate synthase and isocitrate lyase activities were not detected in organisms grown either aerobically or anaerobically. Glucose had little effect on the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes under anaerobic conditions, with the exception of citrate synthase whose activity increased under anaerobic glucose-repressed conditions. Differential centrifugation of cell-free extracts showed different distribution patterns of the enzymes under the four growth conditions. The distribution patterns and enzyme activities reflected the differential effects of glucose repression and/or anaerobiosis.
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Isolation of a Relatively Pure Outer Membrane Fraction of Moraxella nonliquefaciens and a Comparison of its Characteristics with the Cytoplasmic Membrane-Containing Material
More LessCell envelope fractions of Moraxella nonliquefaciens were isolated by a slight modification of Osborn’s method. Two main membrane fractions were characterized chemically and morphologically. The density of the fraction containing cytoplasmic membrane material was 1·17 to 1·18 g cm−3 compared with 1·24 to 1·27 g cm−3 for the outer membrane fraction. Lipopolysaccharide was detected almost exclusively in the outer membrane fraction and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this fraction revealed one dominant protein band with an apparent molecular weight of 45000. Cross-contamination of the fractions was estimated to be about 10%, as calculated on the basis of the lipopolysaccharide fatty acid 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid and on the relative activities of d-lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase.
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Multiple Forms of Polygalacturonase in Two Strains of Rhizoctonia solani
More LessAn unspecialized strain of Rhizoctonia solani (FC895) produced in vitro seven isoenzymes (four major and three minor peaks) which were separated by isoelectric focusing over a narrow pH range. The same isoenzyme pattern was detected when hypocotyls of cauliflower seedlings inoculated with the fungus were used as the enzyme source. A specialized strain (FC1241) produced two isoenzymes (one major and one minor peak). The four major isoenzymes of FC895 and the major isoenzyme of FC1241 had the same pH optimum and mode of action on sodium polypectate.
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- Development And Structure
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Cell Polarity in Bacillus subtilis: Statistical Analysis of Factors Influencing the Positions of Spores in Sister Sporangia
More LessThe positions of spores within chains of four sporangia (‘quads’) of Bacillus subtilis have been determined. These data have been used to test statistical models constructed to predict the patterns of sporulation in cultures containing these quads. If the probability that a spore is formed distally in relation to the newest division septum is used as a measure of cell polarity, then a cell’s polarity is influenced by the behaviour of its sister sporangium (i.e. sister cells do not position their spores independently), but not by its position within a quad. During the course of this work it was also found that cell polarity in B. subtilis is markedly affected by the ionic composition of the growth medium.
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The in vivo Three-dimensional Form of a Plant Mycoplasma-like Organism by the Analysis of Serial Ultrathin Sections
More LessMycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) associated with lethal yellowing disease of coconut palms exhibited a range of different morphologies even within the same sieve element. The morphologies were revealed by graphic reconstruction from ribbons of serial ultrathin sections containing 45 sections. Five different morphotypes were recognized amongst the 120 organisms reconstructed. MLO could be saccate, erythrocyte-like, cylindrical, monili-form or filiform. The different morphotypes showed differences in linear dimensions apart from their particular morphological characteristics. Saccate MLO were generally the smallest, the maximum length being 1 μm, whilst the filiform organisms could be more than 16 μm long. The morphologies of the MLO were analogous to those now recognized as usual for Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species in vitro during the later stages of development. Comparison of the individual profile shapes used in the reconstructions with those of MLO from other diseased plants suggest that many previous interpretations of MLO morphology may have been too simple. With the insight provided by the understanding of the relationship between profile shape and three-dimensional form, the ultrastructure of individual profiles is shown to be an important indicator of form.
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An Antigenic Analysis for Membranes of Mycoplasma hominis by Cross-absorption
More LessAntigenic components at the outer surface membranes of seven serotypes of Mycoplasma hominis were analysed by the mycoplasmacidal reaction and the agglutination during growth reaction. Antibody absorbing capacities of the mycoplasma cells were compared with the absorbing capacities of membranes. It was shown that serologically active membrane antigens were mainly heat-labile proteins. No major antigens common to all seven serotypes were detected and each strain had its own specific antigens at the cell surface. Results of analysis indicate that there is a complex antigenic structure exposed in M. hominis and that 7 to 14 cross-reacting antigens may be present at the outer surface in the different serotypes examined. Additional cross-reacting antigens, presumably inner membrane in origin and not exposed at the cell surface, were also demonstrable.
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The Formation of Simple Fruiting Body-like Structures Associated with Sporulation under Aerobic Conditions in Clostridium acetobutylicum
More LessIsolated colonies of Clostridium acetobutylicum, grown anaerobically for 2 d before exposure to aerobic conditions, developed into unique elongated fruiting body-like structures which reached a height of > 10 mm. The elongated structures were surrounded by an extracellular fibrous substance which formed a tough pliable sheath on exposure to air. Vegetative and sporulating cells were restricted to the basal region of the structure; the trunk region contained mainly free spores and a small number of granulated or lysed cells. Colonies maintained under anaerobic conditions did not produce the elongated macroscopic structures.
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- Genetics And Molecular Biology
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Salmonella typhimurium Mutants of RfaH- Phenotype: Genetics and Antibiotic Sensitivities
More LessTransductional mapping, with phage ES18 or ES18.h1, showed that several mutations causing the RfaH− phenotype (defective formation of galactose I and also of more distal units of the lipopolysaccharide core) were located between metE and pepQ in the Salmonella typhimurium linkage map; the affected locus is designated rfaH. The mutation of one strain of RfaH− phenotype was located elsewhere, at an unidentified rfa locus. Introduction of an F plasmid containing the metE segment of the Escherichia coli chromosome into several rfaH mutants restored the ‘smooth’ (Rfa+) phenotype. Several rfaH mutations, and that of the phenotypically similar rfa mutant, caused increased sensitivity to bacitracin, polymyxin, novobiocin, nafcillin and oxacillin, as expected if the mutations have no effect on the formation of the part of the lipopolysaccharide core proximal to the galactose units.
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Rough Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium: Immunochemical and Structural Analysis of Lipopolysaccharides from rfaH Mutants
More LessLipopolysaccharides, extracted by phenol/chloroform/petroleum ether, from two rough mutants of Salmonella typhimurium of class rfaH were studied by passive haemagglutination inhibition and by methylation analysis. The structural and immunochemical analyses showed that (i) formation of the galactose I unit of the core is defective, but the defect is not complete, and (ii) of those core chains which do receive the galactose I residue, many are not continued to form complete core, but instead terminate at intermediate points. This suggests that the rfaH gene, though involved in formation of the galactose I unit, is not the structural gene for the galactosyltransferase which adds this unit. The rfaH product may be a positive regulator for several rfa genes specifying glycosyltransferases, or it may be a protein needed for the efficient action of several such transferases.
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Naturally Occurring Plasmids in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus: a P Class R Factor of Restricted Host Range
More LessA naturally occurring transmissible plasmid, designated pAVl, has been isolated in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. It specifies resistance to sulphonamides and is capable of mobilizing two non-transmissible resistance determinants for tetracycline and neomycin, respectively, within strains of A. calcoaceticus. It is incompatible with the P class R factors RP4 and R751 in A. calcoaceticus. On this basis we conclude that pAVl is a member of the P incompatibility group. However, unlike most other P group R factors, pAVl is not transmissible to strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella or Proteus mirabilis.
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A Bacillus cereus Mutant Defective in Spore Coat Deposition
More LessSpores of Bacillus cereus mutants selected for slow response to germinants and sensitivity to lysozyme were found to be deficient in coat, but were heat-resistant and contained the same quantity of dipicolinic acid as the wild-type. While the average coat protein content of the spores was 25% of the wild-type, many spores were coatless with large whorls of coat deposited in the cytoplasm. These coat deposits were isolated in Renografin gradients and found to cross-react immunologically with wild-type coat. The proteins extractable from these deposits were virtually identical to those extracted from wild-type spores. The morphology of the coat deposits was very similar to coats of wild-type spores, but with a deficiency of the outermost cross-patched layer. The sites of formation and deposition were altered. Since the mutant reverted to a phenotype identical to the parental strain with a frequency consistent with an initial point mutation, apparently a single defect resulted in alteration of the deposition of the spore coats on to the outer forespore membrane. Despite this defect, mutant cells were able to synthesize and process spore coat precursors into an array of morphological layers very similar to the wild-type. There are apparently distinct morphogenetic pathways for the formation of the spore body and coat layers.
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- Physiology And Growth
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Cyanide Production and Degradation during Growth of the Snow Mould Fungus
More LessIsolate W2 of the snow mould basidiomycete produced cyanide only at the start of the stationary phase when it was grown in shake cultures on a glucose-containing synthetic medium in which growth stopped because of glucose depletion. Cyanogenesis was stimulated by inclusion of glycine in the medium, but the presence of methionine in addition to glycine caused little further cyanide formation. Addition of cyclic AMP to the medium had no effect on the time of production or the concentration of cyanide formed. Cultures that contained excess glucose at the start of the stationary phase also produced cyanide. Cultures which contained acetate as the carbon source formed cyanide during growth and in the stationary phase; cyanogenesis was again stimulated by glycine. In cultures containing glucose, [1-14C]glycine was converted to 14CO2 during both the growth and stationary phases, whereas [2-14C]glycine was the precursor of [14C]cyanide only at the start of the stationary phase: Very little of the cyanohydrins of glyoxylic acid or pyruvic acid were formed. Cyanide was converted to CO2, as the major detoxication product; there was little formation of alanine, β-cyanoalanine, glutamate. formamide, or aspartate plus asparagine.
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Effects of Trialkyllead Compounds on Growth, Respiration and Ion Transport in Escherichia coli K12
More LessTriethyllead and tripropyllead cations affected growth, energy metabolism and ion transport in Escherichia coli K12. The tripropyllead compound was more liposoluble than the triethyl analogue and was also more effective in inhibiting cell growth and the oxygen uptake of both intact cells and membrane particles. Triethyllead acetate (5 μ m) inhibited growth on non-fermentable carbon sources, such as glycerol and succinate, more markedly than on glucose. At higher concentrations, triethyllead caused significant inhibition of respiration rates of intact cells; the concentration giving 50 % inhibition was 60 μ m for glycerol-grown cells and 158 m for glucose-grown cells. Oxidation of succinate by membrane particles was less sensitive to inhibition by the tripropyl- or triethyllead compounds than were the oxidations of dl-lactate or NADH. Triethyllead acetate [1·9 mol (mg membrane protein)−1] inhibited the reduction by NADH of cytochromes; evidence for more than one site of inhibition in the respiratory chain was obtained. Membrane-bound ATPase activity was strongly inhibited by triethyllead acetate in the absence or presence of Cl−. The concentration of inhibitor giving 50 % inhibition [0·02 μmol (mg membrane protein)−1] was about two orders of magnitude lower than that required for 50 % inhibition of substrate oxidation rates in membranes. Triethyllead acetate (1 μ m) induced swelling of spheroplasts in iso-osmotic solutions of either NH4Cl or NH4Br, presumably as a result of the mediation by the organolead compound of Cl−/OH− and Br−/OH− antiports across the cytoplasmic membrane. Similar exchanges of OH− for F−, NO3 − or SO4 2− or the uniport of H+ could not be demonstrated. Comparisons are drawn between the effects of trialkyllead compounds and those of the more widely studied trialkyltin compounds.
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Extracellular Polysaccharide Biosynthesis by Pseudomonas NCIB 11264. Studies on Precursor-forming Enzymes and Factors Affecting Exopolysaccharide Production by Washed Suspensions
More LessAn assay was developed to measure the rate of exopolysaccharide formation by washed non-proliferating suspensions of Pseudomonas NCIB 11264 grown under a range of controlled environmental conditions. The specific activities of certain of the enzymes involved in the formation of the sugar nucleotide precursors of polysaccharide biosynthesis were also measured in steady-state populations. The level of enzyme activity did not reflect either the amount of extracellular polysaccharide produced or the rate at which glucose was incorporated into exopolysaccharide, which was dependent on medium composition, environmental factors, and the rate and stage of growth of the organism. The specific activities were not affected by either cultural conditions or the separate addition of actinomycin D and chloramphenicol, indicating a constitutive biosynthetic system.
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Assimilation of Ammonia During Sporogenesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Effect of Ammonia and Glutamine
More LessComparison of the pools of glutamic acid and glutamine and of the specific activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenases in sporulating a/α and non-sporulating α/α cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed a difference in their nitrogen metabolism. Glutamine synthetase and glutamine appeared to be necessary for the sporulation process, glutamine playing, at least, a catabolic role. However, exogenous glutamine as well as ammonia inhibited sporulation while glutamic acid did not. Glutamine seemed to act through its amino group. Both inhibitors had at least two sites of action, one effective early in sporulation and related to DNA synthesis and the other acting later and not related to it.
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The Inefficiency of Ribosomes Functioning in Escherichia coli Growing at Moderate Rates
More LessIt is generally agreed that ribosomes function with reduced efficiency (i.e. a smaller proportion is actually engaged in protein synthesis) in bacteria growing at low growth rates (doubling times greater than 2 h). This paper examines whether the efficiency is constant in bacteria growing at various rates corresponding to doubling times of less than 2 h. Because isotopic methods cannot be used in very rich media, turbidimetric methods have been extended to follow the kinetics of growth immediately following the shift-up of cultures of Escherichia coli ML308 growing in glucose minimal medium or succinate minimal medium into a very rich medium supporting a balanced doubling time of 17·4 min. It is concluded that the efficiency of ribosome participation in protein synthesis is higher in the very rich medium than in the two minimal media, which support doubling times of 43 and 65 min, respectively, at 37 °C.
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Methylamine and Ammonia Transport in Stemphylium botryosum
More Less[14C]Methylamine was transported into mycelial cells of Stemphylium botryosum by a specific and energy-dependent transport system having an optimum at pH 6·0, a Km of 12·5 μ m and a V max of 4·1 μmol (g dry wt)−1 min−1; uptake occurred against a concentration gradient. NH4 + competitively inhibited methylamine transport with higher affinity towards the latter system. Sucrose and nitrate were required during transport for maximal activity. Highest transport activity developed in nitrate-grown mycelium. Nitrogen starvation decreased the activity by approximately 60%. Preloading of mycelium with glutamine, asparagine or ammonia almost completely prevented methylamine uptake. Transport activity was inversely proportional to the intracellular concentration of the l-amides. It is postulated that ammonia uptake might be regulated by l-amides rather than by ammonia.
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Distribution of Methanol Carbon Between Assimilation and Oxidation Pathways in Methanol-grown Pseudomonas C
More LessIn Pseudomonas C, a facultative methylotrophic bacterium, methanol is assimilated via the 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) variant of the ribulose monophosphate (RMP) pathway of formaldehyde fixation. The oxidation of methanol to CO2 is accomplished by the direct oxidation pathway (which involves formic acid as an oxidation intermediate), via a cyclic oxidation pathway (glucose monophosphate shunt) and by other decarboxylation reactions. The distribution pattern of methanol carbon among the assimilation and the different oxidation pathways was studied by measuring the distribution between CO2 and cell constituents of 14C-labelled compounds after their injection into a culture growing on methanol in a chemostat. From these measurements, it was calculated that 25% of the methanol consumed by the cells was oxidized through formate to CO2, while the remainder was diverted into the hexulosephosphate synthase reaction from which 55% was assimilated through the KDPG reaction and 17% was oxidized to CO2 via a cyclic oxidation pathway and other decarboxylation reactions. The remaining 7% from the methanol carbon was re-incorporated as CO2, into cell material through carboxylation reactions.
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Growth of Mixed Cultures of Bacteria on Methanol
More LessThe bacterium Pseudomonas C was grown in a chemostat on methanol as sole source of carbon and energy. At a dilution rate of 0·1 h−1, other methanol-utilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas 1 and Pseudomonas 135), when added separately at a steady state, became dominant in the fermenter and Pseudomonas C was excluded. At a dilution rate of 0·3 h−1, however, Pseudomonas C dominated and the other bacteria were excluded. When various bacteria unable to utilize methanol were added to the chemostat during a steady state growth of Pseudomonas C, they remained in the fermenter independent of the dilution rate, but as a very low percentage of the total population (about 1%). When pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium), which are unable to utilize methanol as a sole carbon source, were added separately to a pure culture of Pseudomonas C in a chemostat, they too remained in the fermenter independent of the dilution rate. However, they constituted less than 1% of the population in the culture broth but a high percentage of the population on the fermenter wall. When added to a mixture of Pseudomonas C and bacteria unable to utilize methanol, the pathogenic bacteria could not be found in the fermenter after a few medium changes.
The results suggest that operation of a continuous culture of Pseudomonas C at high dilution rates serves to prevent contamination with other methylotrophs that may have lower yields. A mixture of Pseudomonas C and heterotrophs from soil is relatively resistant to invasion by pathogens.
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- Short Communications
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Effects of Catabolite Repression and Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis on the Mitochondrial Carbodiimide Binding Site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
More LessMitochondria prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on low concentrations of glucose bound less carbodiimide than mitochondria from S. cerevisiae grown on high concentrations of glucose. This decreased binding could be prevented by including cycloheximide in the growth medium. These phenomena are discussed in terms of a possible mechanism of carbodiimide inhibition of energy-linked reactions.
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A New Haemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus which Lyses Horse Erythrocytes
More LessA new haemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus produced opaque zones of haemolysis on horse blood agar but did not lyse equine erythrocytes suspended in phosphate-buffered saline. The haemolysin was not neutralized by normal rabbit serum and was distinct from α, β- and δ-haemolysins as well as human leucocidin. Partially purified preparations produced erythema when injected intradermally into rabbit skin.
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Mis-transcription During Uridine Starvation in Escherichia coli K12
More LessAlthough β-galactosidase activity could be induced in Escherichia coli K12 during uridine starvation, material which cross-reacted with antiserum against β-galactosidase could be detected. The synthesis of enzymically inactive proteins during uridine starvation appeared to be due to errors in transcription.
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Nickel Requirement of a Urease-deficient Mutant in Aspergillus nidulans
More LessThe addition of nickel ions restored urease activity in vivo and ability to grow on urea in a mutant strain of Aspergillus nidulans otherwise unable to utilize urea. This strain carries a mutation in the ureD locus, one of four loci involved in urea utilization. No other urease-deficient strains tested responded to the presence of nickelions.
The analogous characteristics of the ureD mutant and the nitrate reductase and xanthine dehydrogenase associated cnxE mutants in Aspergillus nidulans are discussed. It is postulated that the ureD locus is in some way involved in the production or incorporation of a nickel cofactor essential for urease activity.
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A Cellophane Membrane Method for Screening Auxotrophic Mutants of Photochromogenic Mycobacteria
More LessA high-resolution screening procedure for the selection of mutants was developed based on the ability of some strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis to produce pigment in the light. Out of 23000 colonies investigated, 17 auxotrophic mutants were isolated. Specific growth factor requirements for the mutants and the proportion of revertants were determined.
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An Alkalophilic Red Halophilic Bacterium with a Low Magnesium Requirement from a Kenyan Soda Lake
More LessA Halobacterium species isolated from solar evaporation ponds and sodium sesquicarbonate deposits at Lake Magadi, Kenya, differs from known species of Halobacterium in its GC content, in being obligately alkalophilic with a pH optimum between 9·0 and 10·0, and in having a Mg2+ requirement of between 0·1 and 2·0 mm for optimum growth.
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- Taxonomy
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Fatty Acid Patterns in the Classification of some Representatives of the Families Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae
More LessTwenty-three strains representing the families Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae were analysed for fatty acid composition of whole cells by means of glass capillary column gas chromatography. Among the several alternatives tested, cluster analysis based on data normalized to hexadecanoate and logarithmically transformed provided good separations of species, genera and families. Strains from the genera Salmonella, Escherichia, Proteus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Vibrio and Aeromonas were studied.
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Profile Analysis of Total Mycolic Acids from Skin Corynebacteria and from Named Corynebacterium Strains by Gas-Liquid Chromatography and Gas-Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
More LessGas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) was investigated as a potential tool in the classification and identification of Corynebacterium strains isolated from human skin, on the basis of the g.l.c. profile of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of their mycolic acid methyl esters. The g.l.c. patterns of five skin corynebacteria were compared with those of reference strains Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8 and Corynebacterium xerosis NCTC 9755 and NCTC 7929. Further compositional information was obtained by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (g.l.c./m.s.) of mycolates from C. diphtheriae PW8 and two of the skin isolates. In addition to identifying and examining the individual mycolate species and comparing the differences in mycolate profile between skin corynebacteria and between reference strains, a limited assessment was made of the possibility of distinguishing between organisms at both strain and species levels on the basis of mycolic acid composition as revealed by g.l.c. fingerprinting.
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Fusobacterium polysaccharolyticum sp.nov., a Gram-negative Rod from the Rumen that Produces Butyrate and Ferments Cellulose and Starch
More LessA new Gram-negative, non-sporulating, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium capable of fermenting cellulose and starch was isolated from the rumens of sheep fed supplemented maize stover diets. The organism fermented few carbohydrates, showing a preference for polysaccharides. The main acid products of carbohydrate fermentation were butyrate and formate. Acetate was utilized.
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Volume 37 (1964)
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Volume 36 (1964)
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Volume 35 (1964)
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Volume 34 (1964)
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Volume 33 (1963)
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Volume 32 (1963)
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Volume 31 (1963)
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Volume 30 (1963)
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Volume 29 (1962)
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Volume 28 (1962)
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Volume 27 (1962)
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Volume 26 (1961)
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Volume 25 (1961)
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Volume 24 (1961)
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Volume 23 (1960)
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Volume 22 (1960)
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Volume 21 (1959)
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Volume 20 (1959)
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Volume 19 (1958)
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Volume 18 (1958)
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Volume 17 (1957)
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Volume 16 (1957)
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Volume 15 (1956)
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Volume 14 (1956)
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Volume 13 (1955)
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Volume 12 (1955)
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Volume 11 (1954)
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Volume 10 (1954)
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Volume 9 (1953)
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Volume 8 (1953)
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Volume 7 (1952)
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Volume 6 (1952)
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Volume 5 (1951)
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Volume 4 (1950)
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Volume 3 (1949)
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Volume 2 (1948)
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Volume 1 (1947)